What are the common organisms causing PD catheter exit site infection?

What are the common organisms causing PD catheter exit site infection?

Exit site infection is a well-known complication among patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Common responsible organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis [1].

What is CAPD peritonitis?

Peritonitis in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is indicated by contamination of the dialysis catheter; cloudy effluent, total fluid WBC count of greater than 100 neutrophils/µL, or presence of organisms on Gram stain.

Which organism is involved in peritonitis infection with dialysis patients?

epidermidis is the most frequently identified cause of PD-associated peritonitis. While S. epidermidis is the most common of the coagulase-negative staphylococci, there are at least 40 other species of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus that have been reported as a cause of human infections.

What causes infection in peritoneal dialysis?

Peritonitis is a peritoneal dialysis-related infection caused by bacteria entering the abdomen from outside the body and infecting the peritoneum. Bacteria may enter the body through the open ends of the PD catheter during exchanges.

Which is the most common route for peritonitis?

There are four main routes of entry for peritonitis‐causing organisms. The most common path of infection is touch contamination at the time of exchange [22], which is the reason for the predomination of gram‐positive strains of skin flora.

How common is peritonitis in PD?

Peritonitis is a common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). PD-associated peritonitis is the direct or major contributing cause of death in >15% of patients on PD (1,2).

Can peritonitis be cured?

Peritonitis requires prompt medical attention to fight the infection and, if necessary, to treat any underlying medical conditions. Peritonitis treatment usually involves antibiotics and, in some cases, surgery. Left untreated, peritonitis can lead to severe, potentially life-threatening infection throughout your body.

What antibiotics are used for peritonitis?

Antibiotics recommended in this setting include moxifloxacin, a combination of metronidazole with either levofloxacin or an oral cephalosporin, or amoxicillin-clavulanate. These oral agents can also be used for those who are treated in the outpatient setting but were initiated on inpatient IV therapy.

What are three causes of peritonitis?

What causes peritonitis?

• A hole in your stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterus, or bladder.
• An infection during treatment for end-stage kidney (renal) disease (peritoneal dialysis)
• An infection of fluid in the belly from end-stage liver disease (cirrhosis)
• Pelvic inflammatory disease in women.

What happens if you have peritonitis?

Peritonitis can make fluid fill up in your belly or abdomen. This can cause severe fluid loss or dehydration. If peritonitis isn’t treated the infection can quickly spread through your body. This can create an extreme response from your infection-fighting system (immune system) called sepsis.

Who is at risk for peritonitis?

Peritonitis is the major complication of peritoneal dialysis. According to previous reports, the risk factors for peritonitis include age, gender, smoking, diabetes, low education level, depression, low residual renal function, and low serum albumin level [13-17].

What kind of bacteria causes CAPD peritonitis?

Severe CAPD peritonitis may be polymicrobial and involve a combination of anaerobic and gram-negative aerobic bacteria. CAPD peritonitis caused by anaerobic bacteria is often associated with intestinal perforation, whereas infection due to mycobacteria usually results from previous exposure.

How long does it take for CAPD peritonitis to occur?

Most episodes of CAPD peritonitis are caused by contamination of the dialysis tubing or extension of catheter exit site or tunnel infections. Peritonitis in patients receiving CAPD usually occurs within 48 hours of contamination.

Which is the most common cause of CAPD failure?

Peritonitis is a frequent complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and the most common cause of CAPD failure. About 60% of patients receiving CAPD will have at least one episode of peritonitis during the first year of this mode of dialysis, according to Ram Gokal, MD,…

How is peritoneal dialysis associated with peritonitis?

Peritonitis is a common and severe complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD). Detailed recommendations on the prevention and treatment of PD-associated peritonitis have been published by the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD), but there is a substantial variation in clinical practice among dialysis units.