What does SOX10 positive mean?

SOX10 (Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10) is a key nuclear transcription factor in the differentiation of neural crest progenitor cells to melanocytes. It has been shown to be a sensitive and specific marker of malignant melanoma of multiple histologic types.

What does SOX10 stain?

Sox10 also marks normal myoepithelial cells of salivary gland and bronchial and mammary ducts and lobules, and it stains the myoepithelial component of salivary gland neoplasms such as myoepithelioma or pleomorphic adenoma. Sox10 labels both benign melanocytes (nevus cells) and the vast majority of melanomas.

Are schwannomas SOX10 positive?

In this study, benign nerve sheath tumors such as schwannomas, neurofibromas, granular cell tumors, and nerve sheath myxomas were strongly positive with rare exceptions.

What is Melan-A Immunostain?

Melanoma antigen recognized by T cells or Melan-A (MART-1), is a protein with unknown function that is associated with endoplasmic reticulum and melanosomes. Melan A is a sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of melanoma.

Is there a tumor marker for melanoma?

The serum markers currently available for melanoma have only limited clinical use. Those most widely used in clinical applications are S100-beta, melanoma inhibitory activity, and lactate dehydrogenase; there are close correlations between the serum concentrations of these and tumor load.

What is Pagetoid spread?

Pagetoid spread is defined as an individual cell proliferation in the upper levels of the epidermis, similar to the pattern of epidermal involvement by Paget’s disease of the breast.

Is clear cell sarcoma hereditary?

The genetic cause for clear cell sarcoma is thought to be its defining gene translocation. Clear cell sarcoma without a translocation may have other, currently unknown, genetic mutations causing the same effect.

What does HMB-45 positive mean?

HMB-45 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts against an antigen present in melanocytic tumors such as melanomas, and stands for Human Melanoma Black. It is used in anatomic pathology as a marker for such tumors.

What is a melanoma marker?

Among the markers considered for use in the histological diagnosis of melanoma are Human Melanoma Black-45 (HMB-45), Melan-A, tyrosinase, microphthalmia transcription factor, and S100 as well as several newer ones (Tables 1 and 2).

What is Pagetoid scatter?

Abstract. Pagetoid melanocytosis refers to the presence of solitary and small groups of melanocytes in the superficial layers of the epidermis. Although it is generally considered to be a diagnostic hallmark of melanoma, it may also be seen in certain melanocytic naevi.

Which is more sensitive SOX10 or S100 protein?

Sox10 was expressed by metastatic melanomas and nodal capsular nevus in sentinel lymph nodes, but not by other lymph node components such as dendritic cells. Our results indicate that Sox10 will serve as a more sensitive and specific marker for the diagnosis of melanocytic and schwannian tumors than S100 protein.

What kind of staining is used for SOX10?

Nuclear staining of >10% tumor cells was considered positive for SOX10 and p63; cytoplasmic staining for Smooth muscle actin, calponin, CK14, CK5/6 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein; both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for S100.

What is the role of SOX10 in melanoma?

Where can SOX10 be found in the body?

Sox10 reaction was seen only in sustentacular cells of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas, and occasionally carcinoid tumors from various organs, but it was not seen in the tumor cells. In normal tissues, Sox10 was expressed in Schwann cells, melanocytes, and myoepithelial cells of salivary, bronchial, and mammary glands.