What are barbiturates made of?
Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid (malonyl urea), which is formed from malonic acid and urea. Barbital was first synthesized in 1903, and phenobarbital became available in 1912.
Where does barbituric acid come from?
The different properties of the various barbiturates depend upon the sidegroups attached to the ring. Barbituric acid was first discovered by the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer in 1864 by combining urea (an animal waste product) with malonic acid (derived from the acid of apples).
How do you make barbituric acid?
Barbituric acid has been prepared by the action of phosphorus oxychloride on malonic acid and urea;1 by treating an acetic acid solution of urea and malonic acid with acetic anhydride;2 from diethyl malonate and urea using sodium ethoxide as a condensing agent;3 and from diethyl malonate and the sodium derivative of …
What are barbiturates give two examples?
Examples of Barbiturates
- Seconal (secobarbital)
- Seconal Sodium (secobarbital)
- Butisol Sodium (butabarbital)
- Medaral (mephobarbital)
- Nembutal Sodium (pentobarbital)
- Luminal (phenobarbital)
- Amytal Sodium (amobarbital)
- Nembutal (pentobarbital)
What are the reagents are required to synthesize barbituric acid?
The synthesis of barbituric acid is effected by condensation of diethyl malonate with urea in the presence of sodium ethoxide which may be prepared by reacting Na metal with ethanol and it undergo cyclization reaction with diethyl malonate.
What are examples of barbiturates?
Is there a synthesis of all barbituric acid derivatives?
It would be extremely tedious for you to read the synthesis of all the barbituric acid derivatives that exist today, so I will limit you to the more widely used and important ones. I have grouped the listed barbiturates by their clinical action and the duration of that action.
Is the action of barbiturates reliable and reproducible?
The action of barbiturates is reliable and reproducible, they are easy to administer and offer a wide range of activity. It would be extremely tedious for you to read the synthesis of all the barbituric acid derivatives that exist today, so I will limit you to the more widely used and important ones.
How is the heat of the synthesis of barbiturates controlled?
The heat involved must be controlled internally as well as externally on the larger scale of production to keep the temp below 90°C. This can be accomplished by floating sealed packages of ice in the mixture or by using internal cooling coils filled with ice cold, running liquids.
When was the first barbiturate used in medicine?
The parent compound barbituric acid was first synthesised in 1864 but the first pharmacologically active agent, barbital, was not produced until 1881 and introduced to medicine in 1904. The most widely used compound, phenobarbital, was synthesised in 1911 and first used clinically the following year.